A board game is a game A game is a structured activity, usually undertaken for enjoyment and sometimes used as an educational tool. Games are distinct from work, which is usually carried out for remuneration, and from art, which is more concerned with the expression of ideas. However, the distinction is not clear-cut, and many games are also considered to be work or art in which counters or pieces are placed, removed, or moved on a premarked surface or "board" according to a set of rules. Games may be based on pure strategy Strategy, a word of military origin, refers to a plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal. In military usage strategy is distinct from tactics, which are concerned with the conduct of an engagement, while strategy is concerned with how different engagements are linked. How a battle is fought is a matter of tactics: the terms and, chance or a mixture of the two and usually have a goal which a player aims to achieve. Early board games represented a battle between two armies and most current board games are still based on beating opposing players in terms of counters, winning position or accrual of points (often expressed as in-game currency).
There are many different types and styles of board games. Their representation of a real life situation can range from having no inherent theme, such as Checkers Checkers , also called American checkers, straight checkers, or simply draught (especially in the United States and Canada[citation needed]), is a form of draughts board game played on an eight by eight squared board (with sixty-four total squares) with twelve pieces on each side. These pieces may only initially move and capture diagonally, to having a specific theme and narrative, such as Cluedo Cluedo is a deduction board game originally published by Waddingtons in Leeds, United Kingdom in 1949. It was devised by Anthony E. Pratt, a solicitor's clerk from Birmingham, England. It is now published by the United States game and toy company Hasbro, which acquired its U.S. publisher Parker Brothers as well as Waddingtons. Rules range from the very simple, such as in Tic-tac-toe Tic-tac-toe, also spelled tick tack toe, and alternatively called noughts and crosses, Xs and Os, and many other names, is a pencil-and-paper game for two players, O and X, who take turns marking the spaces in a 3×3 grid, usually X going first. The player who succeeds in placing three respective marks in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal row, to ones which describe a game universe in great detail, such as in Dungeons & Dragons Dungeons & Dragons is a fantasy role-playing game (RPG) originally designed by Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson, and first published in 1974 by Tactical Studies Rules, Inc. (TSR). The game has been published by Wizards of the Coast since 1997. It was derived from miniature wargames with a variation of the Chainmail game serving as the initial rule, although most of these are Role-playing games and the board is secondary to the game, serving to visualize the scenario. The length of time it takes to learn to play or master a game can vary greatly from game to game. Learning time does not necessarily correlate with the amount or complexity of rules; some games, such as chess Chess is a board game played between two players. It is played on a chessboard, which is a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. At the start, each player controls sixteen pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. The object of the game is to checkmate the opponent's and Go Go is an ancient oriental board game for two players that is noted for being rich in strategy despite its simple rules, have simple rules that can still lead to complex scenarios.
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History
Senet Senet , a board game from predynastic and ancient Egypt. The oldest hieroglyph representing a Senet game dates to circa 3100 BC. The full name of the game in Egyptian was zn.t n.t ḥˁb meaning the "game of passing." is among the oldest known board games. Ancient Greek Ancient Greece is the civilization belonging to the period of Greek history lasting from the Archaic period of the 8th to 6th centuries BC to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece after the Battle of Corinth. At the center of this time period is Classical Greece, which flourished during the 5th to 4th centuries BC, at first under Athenian hoplites A hoplite was a citizen-soldier of the Ancient Greek City-states. Hoplites were primarily armed as spear-men and fought in a phalanx formation. The word hoplite derives from hoplon (ὅπλον, plural hopla ὅπλα), the type of the shield used by the troopers, although, as a word, "hoplon" could also denote weapons held or even full playing a board game, ca. 520 BC, Olympia, Greece Olympia , a sanctuary of ancient Greece in Elis, is known for having been the site of the Olympic Games in classical times, comparable in importance to the Pythian Games held in Delphi. Both games were held every Olympiad (i.e. every four years), the Olympic Games dating back possibly further than 776 BC. In 394 AD ( after exactly 1170 years ). Another game board found in the Jiroft civilization Jiroft civilisation is a postulated Early Bronze Age (3rd millennium BC) archaeological culture located in what is now Iran's Sistan and Kermān Provinces. The hypothesis is based on a collection of artifacts that were confiscated in Iran and accepted by many to have derived from the Jiroft area in south central Iran, reported by online Iranian.Board games have been played in most cultures and societies throughout history; some even pre-date literacy skill development in the earliest civilizations.[citation needed] A number of important historical sites, artifacts and documents exist which shed light on early board games. Some of these include:
- The Jiroft civilization Jiroft civilisation is a postulated Early Bronze Age (3rd millennium BC) archaeological culture located in what is now Iran's Sistan and Kermān Provinces. The hypothesis is based on a collection of artifacts that were confiscated in Iran and accepted by many to have derived from the Jiroft area in south central Iran, reported by online Iranian game boards
- Senet Senet , a board game from predynastic and ancient Egypt. The oldest hieroglyph representing a Senet game dates to circa 3100 BC. The full name of the game in Egyptian was zn.t n.t ḥˁb meaning the "game of passing." has been found in Predynastic The Predynastic Period of Ancient Egypt is traditionally the period between the Early Neolithic and the beginning of the Pharaonic monarchy starting with King Menes. However, the dates of the Predynastic period were first defined before widespread archaeological excavation of Egypt had taken place, and recent finds which show the course of and First Dynasty The first dynasty of Ancient Egypt is often combined with the second dynasty under the group title, Early Dynastic Period of Egypt. At that time the capital was Thinis burials of Egypt Egypt (pronounced /ˈiːdʒɪpt/ ; Arabic: مصر Miṣr, pronounced [misˤɾ] ( listen); Arabic: مِصْر Miṣr [ˈmisˤɾ]; Egyptian Arabic: مَصْر Maṣr [ˈmɑsˤɾ]; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, kīmi; Egyptian: 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 Kemet), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula, c. 3500 BC and 3100 BC respectively.[1] Senet is the oldest board game known to have existed, and was pictured in a fresco Fresco is any of several related mural painting types, done on plaster on walls or ceilings. The word fresco comes from the Italian word affresco [afˈfresːko] which derives from the Germanic-derived adjective frisch ("fresh"). Frescoes were often made during the Renaissance and other early time periods found in Merknera's tomb (3300 Categories: 33rd century BC | 4th millennium BC | Centuries | -2700 BC Categories: 3rd millennium BC | 27th century BC | Centuries ).[2]
- Mehen is another ancient board game from Predynastic Egypt The Predynastic Period of Ancient Egypt is traditionally the period between the Early Neolithic and the beginning of the Pharaonic monarchy starting with King Menes. However, the dates of the Predynastic period were first defined before widespread archaeological excavation of Egypt had taken place, and recent finds which show the course of.
- Go Go is an ancient oriental board game for two players that is noted for being rich in strategy despite its simple rules is an ancient strategic board game originating in China China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity
- Patolli Patolli or patole (the Spanish form) is one of the oldest games in America. Patolli (or variants of it) was played by a wide range of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures and known all over Mesoamerica. Patolli was very much a game of commoners and nobles alike and it was reported by the conquistadors that Montezuma often enjoyed watching his is a board game originating in Mesoamerica Mesoamerica or Meso-America is a region and culture area in the Americas, extending approximately from central Mexico to Honduras and Nicaragua, within which a number of pre-Columbian societies flourished before the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries, and was played by the ancient Aztec The Aztec people were certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, a period referred to as the late post-classic period in Mesoamerican chronology.
- The Royal Tombs of Ur Ur was a city in ancient Sumer, located at the site of modern Tell el-Mukayyar in Iraq's Dhi Qar Governorate. Once a coastal city near the mouth of the then Euphrates river on the Persian Gulf, Ur is now well inland, south of the Euphrates on its right bank, 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from Nasiriyah, Iraq. It is close to the site of ancient Eridu. Ur contained, among others, the Royal Game of Ur The Royal Game of Ur refers to two game boards found in the Royal Tombs of Ur by Sir Leonard Woolley in the 1920s. The two boards date from the First Dynasty of Ur, before 2600 BC, thus making the Royal Game of Ur probably the oldest set of board gaming equipment ever found. One of the two boards is exhibited in the collections of the British. They were excavated by Leonard Woolley Sir Charles Leonard Woolley was a British archaeologist best known for his excavations at Ur in Mesopotamia. He is considered to have been one of the first "modern" archaeologists, and was knighted in 1935 for his contributions to the discipline of archaeology, but his books document little on the games found. Most of the games he excavated are now housed in the British Museum The British Museum is a museum of human history and culture in London. Its collections, which number more than seven million objects, are amongst the largest and most comprehensive in the world and originate from all continents, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its beginning to the present.[a] in London London is a leading global city being the world's largest financial centre alongside New York City, and has the largest city GDP in Europe. Central London is home to the headquarters of most of the UK's top 100 listed companies and more than 100 of Europe's 500 largest. London's influence in politics, finance, education, entertainment, media,.
- The Buddha games list is the earliest known list of games.
Timeline
See also: Category:Years in games and Timeline of chess- c. 3500 BC: Senet Senet , a board game from predynastic and ancient Egypt. The oldest hieroglyph representing a Senet game dates to circa 3100 BC. The full name of the game in Egyptian was zn.t n.t ḥˁb meaning the "game of passing." found under Predynastic Egyptian The Predynastic Period of Ancient Egypt is traditionally the period between the Early Neolithic and the beginning of the Pharaonic monarchy starting with King Menes. However, the dates of the Predynastic period were first defined before widespread archaeological excavation of Egypt had taken place, and recent finds which show the course of burials;[1] also depicted in the tomb of Merknera.
- c. 3000 BC: The Mehen board game from Predynastic Egypt The Predynastic Period of Ancient Egypt is traditionally the period between the Early Neolithic and the beginning of the Pharaonic monarchy starting with King Menes. However, the dates of the Predynastic period were first defined before widespread archaeological excavation of Egypt had taken place, and recent finds which show the course of, was played with lion The lion is one of the four big cats in the genus Panthera, and a member of the family Felidae. With some males exceeding 250 kg (550 lb) in weight, it is the second-largest living cat after the tiger. Wild lions currently exist in Sub-Saharan Africa and in Asia with a critically endangered remnant population in Gir Forest National Park in India,-shaped gamepieces and marbles A marble is a small spherical toy usually made from glass, clay, or agate. These balls vary in size. Most commonly, they are about ½ inch in diameter, but they may range from less than ¼ inch (0.635 cm) to over 3 inches (7.75 cm), while some art glass marbles for display purposes are over 12 inches (30 cm) wide. Marbles can be used for a variety.
- c. 3000 BC: Ancient backgammon Backgammon is one of the oldest board games for two players in which the playing pieces are moved according to the roll of dice. Players win by removing all of their pieces from the board. There are many variants of backgammon, most of which share common traits. Backgammon is a member of the tables family, one of the oldest classes of board games set, found in the Burnt City in Iran Iran (Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and formerly known as Persia, is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was widely known as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are.[3][4]
- c. 2560 BC: Board of the Royal Game of Ur The Royal Game of Ur refers to two game boards found in the Royal Tombs of Ur by Sir Leonard Woolley in the 1920s. The two boards date from the First Dynasty of Ur, before 2600 BC, thus making the Royal Game of Ur probably the oldest set of board gaming equipment ever found. One of the two boards is exhibited in the collections of the British (found at Ur Tombs)
- c. 2500 BC: Paintings of Senet Senet , a board game from predynastic and ancient Egypt. The oldest hieroglyph representing a Senet game dates to circa 3100 BC. The full name of the game in Egyptian was zn.t n.t ḥˁb meaning the "game of passing." and Han being played depicted in the tomb of Rashepes[citation needed]
- c. 1500 BC: Painting of board game at Knossos Knossos , also known as Labyrinth, or Knossos Palace, is the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete and probably the ceremonial and political centre of the Minoan civilization and culture. The palace appears as a maze of workrooms, living spaces, and store rooms close to a central square. Detailed images of Cretan life in the late Bronze.[5]
- c. 500 BC: The Buddha games list mentions board games played on 8 or 10 rows.
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- c. 500 BC: The earliest reference to Chaturaji Chaturaji is a four player chess-like game. It was first described in detail circa 1030 by Biruni in his India book. Originally, this was a game of chance: the pieces to be moved were decided by rolling two dice. A diceless variant of the game was still played in India at the close of the 19th century or Pachisi Pachisi is a cross and circle board game that originated in ancient India; it is described as the national game of India. It is played on a board shaped like a symmetrical cross. A player's pieces move around the board based upon a throw of six or seven cowrie shells , with the number of shells landing aperture upwards indicating the number of written in the Mahabharata The Mahabharata is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the Rāmāyaṇa. The epic is part of the Hindu itihāsa (or "history"), the Indian The Indian subcontinent, also Indian Subcontinent and other terms, is a region of the Asian continent on the Indian tectonic plate south of the Himalayas, forming a land mass which extends southward into the Indian Ocean epic.
- c. 400 BC: Two ornately decorated Liubo Liubo is an ancient Chinese board game played by two players. The exact rules of the game are unknown, but it is believed that each player had six game pieces that were moved around the points of a square game board that had a distinctive, symmetrical pattern. Moves were determined by the throw of six sticks, which performed the same function as game boards from a royal tomb of the State of Zhongshan in China China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.[6]
- c. 400 BC: The earliest written reference to Go/Weiqi in the historical annal Zuo Zhuan. Go/Weiqi is also mentioned in the Analects of Confucius (c. 5th century BC).[7]
- 116-27 BC: Marcus Terentius Varro's Lingua Latina X (II, par. 20) contains earliest known reference to Latrunculi[8] (often confused with Ludus Duodecim Scriptorum, Ovid's game mentioned below).
- 1 BC-8 AD: Ovid's Ars Amatoria contains earliest known reference to Ludus Duodecim Scriptorum.
- c. 43 AD: The Stanway Game is buried with the Druid of Colchester.[9]
- c. 200 AD: A stone Go/Weiqi board with a 17×17 grid from a tomb at Wangdu County in Hebei, China.[10]
- 220-265: Backgammon enters China under the name t'shu-p'u (Source: Hun Tsun Sii)[citation needed]
- c. 400 onwards: Tafl games played in Northern Europe.[11]
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- c. 600 The earliest references to Chaturanga written in Subandhu's Vasavadatta and Banabhatta's Harsha Charitha early Indian books.[citation needed]
- c. 600: The earliest reference to Chatrang written in Karnamak-i-Artakhshatr-i-Papakan.[citation needed]
- c.1283: The game of astronomical tables, from Libro de los juegos Alfonso X of Castile in Spain commissioned Libro de ajedrez, dados, y tablas ("Libro de los Juegos" (The Book of Games)) translated into Castilian from Arabic and added illustrations with the goal of perfecting the work.[13][14]
- c. 1930: Monopoly stabilises into the version that is currently popular.
- 1957: Risk is released.
- c. 1980: German-style board games begin to develop as a genre.
Many board games are now available as computer games, which can include the computer itself as one of several players, or as sole opponent. The rise of computer use is one of the reasons said to have led to a relative decline in board games.[citation needed] Many board games can now be played online against a computer and/or other players. Some websites allow play in real time and immediately show the opponents' moves, while others use email to notify the players after each move (see the links at the end of this article).[citation needed] Modern technology (the internet and cheaper home printing) has also influenced board games via the phenomenon of print-and-play board games that you buy and print yourself.
Some board games make use of components in addition to—or instead of—a board and playing pieces. Some games use CDs, video cassettes, and, more recently, DVDs in accompaniment to the game.[citation needed]
Psychology
While there has been a fair amount of scientific research on the psychology of older board games (e.g., chess, Go, mancala), less has been done on contemporary board games such as Monopoly, Scrabble, and Risk.[15] Much research has been carried out on chess, in part because many tournament players are publicly ranked in national and international lists, which makes it possible precisely to compare their levels of expertise. The works of Adriaan de Groot, William Chase, and Herbert Simon have established that knowledge, more than the ability to anticipate moves, plays an essential role in chess-playing. This seems to be the case in other traditional games such as Go and Oware (a type of mancala game), but data is lacking in regard to contemporary board games.[citation needed] Bruce Halpenny, a games inventor said when interviewed about his game, “With crime you deal with every basic human emotion and also have enough elements to combine action with melodrama. The player’s imagination is fired as they plan to rob the train. Because of the gamble they take in the early stage of the game there is a build up of tension, which is immediately released once the train is robbed. Release of tension is therapeutic and useful in our society, because most jobs are boring and repetitive.”[16]
Luck, strategy and diplomacy
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One way to categorize board games is to distinguish those based primarily upon luck from those that involve significant strategy. Some games, such as chess, are almost entirely deterministic (the first person to make a move having a slight advantage), relying on the strategy element for their interest. Children's games, on the other hand, tend to be very luck-based, with games such as Candy Land and Snakes and ladders having no decisions to be made. Most board games involve both luck and strategy. A player may be hampered by a few poor rolls of the dice in Risk or Monopoly, but over many games a player with a superior strategy will win more often. While some purists consider luck to not be a desirable component of a game, others counter that elements of luck can make for far more diverse and multi-faceted strategies as concepts such as expected value and risk management must be considered.
The third important factor in a game is diplomacy, or players making deals with each other. A game of solitaire, for obvious reasons, has no player interaction. Two player games usually do not have diplomacy (cooperative games being the exception). Thus, this generally applies only to games played with three or more people. An important facet of The Settlers of Catan, for example, is convincing people to trade with you rather than with other players. In Risk, one example of diplomacy's effectiveness is when two or more players team up against others. Easy diplomacy consists of convincing other players that someone else is winning and should therefore be teamed up against. Difficult diplomacy (such as in the aptly named game Diplomacy) consists of making elaborate plans together, with possibility of betrayal.
Luck is introduced to a game by a number of methods. The most popular is using dice, generally six-sided. These can determine everything from how many steps a player moves their token, as in Monopoly, to how their forces fare in battle, such as in Risk, or which resources a player gains, such as in The Settlers of Catan. Other games such as Sorry! use a deck of special cards that, when shuffled, create randomness. Scrabble does something similar with randomly picked letters. Other games use spinners, timers of random length, or other sources of randomness. Trivia games have a great deal of randomness based on the questions a person gets. German-style board games are notable for often having rather less of a luck factor than many North American board games.
Common terms
Simple wooden "pawn-style" playing pieces Wooden tokens from the Carcassonne board game.Although many board games have a jargon all their own, there is a generalized terminology to describe concepts applicable to basic game mechanics and attributes common to nearly all board games.
- Game board (or simply board)—the (usually quadrilateral) surface on which one plays a board game; the namesake of the board game, gameboards would seem to be a necessary and sufficient condition of the genre, though card games that do not use a standard deck of cards (as well as games which use neither cards nor a game board) are often colloquially included. Most games use a standardized and unchanging board (chess, Go, and backgammon all have such a board), but many games use a modular board whose component tiles or cards can assume varying layouts from one session to another, or even as the game is played.
- Game piece (or counter or token or bit or mover or pawn)—a player's representative on the game board. Each player may control one or more game pieces. In some games that involve commanding multiple game pieces, such as chess, certain pieces have unique designations and capabilities within the parameters of the game; in others, such as Go, all pieces controlled by a player have the same essential capabilities. In some modern board games, such as Clue, there are other pieces that are not a player's representative, i.e. weapons. In some games, pieces may not represent or belong to a particular player.
- Jump—to bypass one or more game pieces or spaces. Depending on the context, jumping may also involve capturing or conquering an opponent's game piece. (See also: Game mechanic: capture)
- Space (or square)—a physical unit of progress on a gameboard delimited by a distinct border. Alternately, a unique, atomic position on the board on which a game piece may be located while in play (in Go, for example, the pieces are placed on intersections of lines on the grid, not in the areas bounded by the grid lines as is seen in chess). (See also: Game mechanic: Movement)
- Hex—in hexagon-based board games, this is the common term for a standard space on the board. This is most often used in wargaming, though some abstract strategy games such as Abalone use hexagonal layouts.
- Card—a piece of cardboard on which instructions are given
- Deck—a stack of cards
- Capture—a method in which one removes another players game piece from the board, for example: in checkers if you jump another player's piece, that piece is captured.
Categories
There are a number of different categories that board games can be broken up into. The following is a list of some of the most common:
- Abstract strategy games like chess, checkers, Arimaa, irensei, Pacru, Uptown or Go
- German-style board games, or Eurogames, like The Settlers of Catan, Carson City or Puerto Rico
- Race games like parchisi, backgammon or Worm Up
- Roll-and-move games, like Monopoly or Life
- Trivia games, like Trivial Pursuit
- Wargames, ranging from Risk to Attack or Conquest of the Empire
- Word games, like Scrabble, Boggle or What's My Word? (2010)
- Family games like Roll Through the Ages, Birds on a Wire or For Sale
- 2-player games like En Garde and Dos de Mayo
- Large multiplayer games like Take it Easy and Swat (2010)
- Educational games like Arthur Saves the Planet, Cleopatra and the Society of Architects, and Shakespeare: The Bard Game
- Dexterity games like Tumblin' Dice and Pitch Car
- Historical simulation games like Through the Ages and Railways of the World
See also
References
- ^ a b Piccione, Peter A. (July/August 1980). "In Search of the Meaning of Senet". Archaeology: 55–58. http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/Archives/Piccione/index.html. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
- ^ "''Okno do svita deskovych her''". Hrejsi.cz. 1998-04-27. http://www.hrejsi.cz/clanky/dama1.html. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
- ^ "World's Oldest Backgammon Discovered In Burnt City". Payvand News. December 4, 2004. http://www.payvand.com/news/04/dec/1029.html. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
- ^ Schädler , Dunn-Vaturi, Ulrich , Anne-Elizabeth. "BOARD GAMES in pre-Islamic Persia". Encyclopædia Iranica. http://www.iranica.com/articles/board-games-in-pre-islamic-persia. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
- ^ Brumbaugh, Robert S. (1975). "The Knossos Game Board". American Journal of Archaeology (Archaeological Institute of America) 79 (2): 135–137. doi:10.2307/503893. http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/Archives/Brumbaugh/index.html. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
- ^ Rawson, Jessica (1996). Mysteries of Ancient China. London: British Museum Press. pp. 159–161. ISBN 0-7141-1472-3.
- ^ "Confucius". Senseis.xmp.net. 2006-09-23. http://senseis.xmp.net/?Confucius. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
- ^ "Varro: Lingua Latina X". Thelatinlibrary.com. http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/varro.ll10.html. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
- ^ Games Britannia - 1. Dicing with Destiny, BBC Four, 1:05am Tuesday 8th December 2009
- ^ John Fairbairn's Go in Ancient China
- ^ Murray 1951, pp.56, 57.
- ^ Murray 1913, p.80
- ^ Burns, Robert I. "Stupor Mundi: Alfonso X of Castile, the Learned." Emperor of Culture: Alfonso X the Learned of Castile and His Thirteenth-Century Renaissance. Ed. Robert I. Burns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania P, 1990. 1-13.
- ^ Sonja Musser Golladay, "Los Libros de Acedrex Dados E Tablas: Historical, Artistic and Metaphysical Dimensions of Alfonso X’s Book of Games" (PhD diss., University of Arizona, 2007), 31. Although Golladay is not the first to assert that 1283 is the finish date of the Libro de Juegos, the a quo information compiled in her dissertation consolidates the range of research concerning the initiation and completion dates of the Libro de Juegos.
- ^ Gobet, Fernand, de Voogt, Alex, & Retschitzki, Jean (2004). Moves in mind: The psychology of board games. Psychology Press. ISBN 1841693367.
- ^ Stealing the show. Toy Retailing News - Volume 2 Number 4 - December 1976 - page 2
Further reading
- Austin, Roland G. "Greek Board Games." Antiquity 14. September 1940: 257–271
- Bell, Robert Charles. The Boardgame Book. London: Bookthrift Company, 1979.
- Bell, Robert Charles. Board and Table Games from Many Civilizations. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 1980. ISBN 0-486-23855-5
- Reprint: New York: Exeter Books, 1983.
- Falkener, Edward. Games Ancient and Oriental, and How To Play Them. Longmans, Green and Co., 1892.
- Fiske, Willard. Chess in Iceland and in Icelandic Literature—with historical notes on other table-games. Florentine Typographical Society, 1905.
- Gobet, Fernand, de Voogt, Alex, & Retschitzki, Jean (2004). Moves in mind: The psychology of board games. Psychology Press. ISBN 1841693367.
- Golladay, Sonja Musser, "Los Libros de Acedrex Dados E Tablas: Historical, Artistic and Metaphysical Dimensions of Alfonso X’s Book of Games" (PhD diss., University of Arizona, 2007)
- Gordon, Stewart (July/August 2009). "The Game of Kings". Saudi Aramco World (Houston: Aramco Services Company) 60 (4): 18-23. http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200904/the.game.of.kings.htm. (PDF version)
- Murray, Harold James Ruthven. A History of Chess. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1913.
- Murray, Harold James Ruthven. A History of Board-Games Other Than Chess. Gardners Books, 1969.
- Parlett, David. Oxford History of Board Games. Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-19-212998-8
- Rollefson, Gary O., "A Neolithic Game Board from Ain Ghazal, Jordan," Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 286. (May, 1992), pp. 1–5.
- Sackson, Sid. A Gamut of Games. Arrow Books, 1983. ISBN 0-09-153340-6
- Reprint: Dover Publications, 1992. ISBN 0-486-27347-4
- Schmittberger, R. Wayne. New Rules for Classic Games. John Wiley & Sons, 1992. ISBN 0-471-53621-0
- Reprint: Random House Value Publishing, 1994. ISBN 0-517-12955-8
External links
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Board games |
- Board Games at the Open Directory Project
- International Society for Board Game Studies
- BoardGameGeek
Categories: Board games
|
Tue, 06 Jul 2010 09:15:30 GMT+00:00
foreshadows Gulf disaster msnbc.com london -- An obscure BP-themed board game in which players aim to avoid rig disasters has become an unexpected hit at a British toy museum. ...
Michael Crowley
ue, 06 Jul 2010 17:49:07 GM
You couldn't have made this up: Up to four would-be tycoons can compete at exploring for oil, building platforms and laying pipelines to their home countries. But BP Offshore Oil Strike players must also avoid the dreaded 'hazard cards' ...
Q. Quite simply, I like playing board games. It's what I did growing up. It's what I do with my friends now. I'd like to work on designing board games / card games / party games. How can I find an entry level position in the board game/toy industry, working on concept, development, and overall game designe (or working toward that end)? I graduated in 2005 with Journalism and Philosophy bachelor's degrees. I currently work in televison, with no professional board game design experience. Please note: I'm not asking about video game design or software development, unless that's a path to board game work.
Asked by weasel281 - Tue Apr 10 23:40:10 2007 - - 3 Answers - 0 Comments
A. A great place to ask this question would be Boardgamegeek.com. That is, hands down, the place to go if you are in to boardgames. Let me tell you though, being a boardgame designer is a little like wanting to be an artist. It might make you happy, but it's unlikely to earn you a living. Not that you can't do it, but there are a lot of talented boardgame designers out there who are barely making a living at it, or doing it as a hobby and still have a real job as well. Still, if this is something that you're passionate about, give it a a shot. You might be able to do something with it.
Answered by Dullspork - Thu Apr 12 20:21:44 2007
